Dunia ke 3

1). Coordinating conjunctions

1. The boy keeps the lights on, for he is afraid of sleeping in the dark. (Anak itu membiarkan lampunya menyala karena dia takut tidur dalam keadaan gelap).
2. He has one good dictionary and at least 3 good English books. (Dia punya 1 kamus bagus dan paling tidak 3 buku bahasa Inggris bagus).
3. She is a vegetarian. She will not eat beef, nor will she eat chicken. (Dia seorang vegetarian. Dia tidak akan makan daging sapi, dia juga tidak akan makan daging ayam).
4. She is cute but evil. (Dia cantik tapi jahat).
5. Do you want to go with me or to stay home? (Apakah kamu mau ikut saya atau tinggal di rumah?).
6. I didn’t study, yet I passed the exam. (Saya tidak belajar, tetapi saya lulus).
7. My dad was very tired, so he went to bed earlier. (Papa saya sangat capek, oleh karena itu dia pergi tidur lebih awal).

• Gunakan koma sebelum conjunction jika conjunction tersebut menggabungkan dua kalimat. Koma juga digunakan jika conjunctions menggabungkan lebih dari 2 kata atau phrase. Contoh: We studied math, physics, and chemistry last semester.
• For juga berfungsi sebagai preposition. Sebagai preposisiton, for diikuti oleh noun. Contoh: I am waiting for a cab. (i.e. cab = taxi)
• Yet juga berfungsi sebagai adverb. Contoh: I haven’t finished reading this article yet. Lihat penggunaan adverb yet pada pembahasan tentang present perfect tense.
• So = as jika diikuti oleh adjective/adverb. Lihat penggunaannya pada pembahasan tentang comparisons.

2). Paired conjunctions/Correlative conjunctions

1. Both my sister and my brother can play the guitar. My sister dan my brother dua-duanya bisa main gitar).
2. He is not only handsome but also smart. (Dia bukan saja tampan tapi juga pintar). Note: jika not only diletakkan di awal kalimat, lakukan inversi terhadap auxiliary/be/do,does,did ke depan subject kalimat. Jadi kalimat ini juga dapat ditulis: Not only is he handsome but also smart.
3. Either the students or the teacher is going to go to the museum tomorrow. (Baik murid-murid maupun guru akan pergi ke museum besok).
4. Neither John, Sussie nor I have a good studying habit. (Baik John, Sussie maupun saya tidak punya kebiasaan belajar yang baik). Mungkin, belajarnya hanya jika ada ujian.

1. Either the teacher or  the students are going to go to the museum tomorrow. (Baik guru maupun murid-murid akan pergi ke museum besok).
2. Neither John, I nor Sussie has a good studying habit. (Baik John, saya maupun Sussie tidak punya kebiasaan belajar yang baik).
   

3). Subordinating conjunctions

1. We will play football after we finish doing the homework. (Kami akan main bola setelah kami selesai mengerjakan PR).
2. Before they got married last month, they had been seeing each other for almost ten years. (Sebelum mereka kawin bulan lalu, mereka telah pacaran selama hampir 10 tahun).
3. When I got home last night, someone was trying to break into my house. (Ketika saya tiba di rumah tadi malam, seseorang sedang mencoba masuk  ke rumah saya). Note: Break into = masuk biasanya karena berniat jahat, i.e. mau mencuri, ect.)
4. A friend of mine felt asleep on his desk while the teacher was teaching. (Teman saya tertidur di mejanya sementara pak guru menerangkan).
5. She has turned into a different person since she became a famous artist. (Dia telah berubah menjadi orang yang berbeda sejak dia menjadi artis terkenal).
6. I will keep studying hard until the final exam is over next week. (Saya akan terus belajar keras sampai ujian akhir selesai minggu depan).
7. We will leave as soon as the rain stops. (Kita akan pergi/berangkat segera setelah hujan berhenti).
8. As long as I live, I will never see your fucking ugly face again. (Selama saya hidup, saya tidak akan pernah mau lihat wajah kamu (yang sangat jelek) lagi). Subject ‘I’ sangat, sangat marah nih.
9. Whenever I look at her picture, my heart beats fast. (Setiap kali saya pandang fotonya, jantung saya berdetak kencang).
10. The first time we went to Bali, we went to Tanah Lot. (Pertama kali kami pergi ke bali, kami pergi ke Tanah Lot).
11. The next time I play you, I will kick your ass. (Kali berikut saya main (lawan) kamu, saya akan kalahkan kamu. Note: kick your ass = kick your butt = mengalahkan. Sangat informal.

1. He got an accident because he drove while he was drunk. (Dia mendapat kecelakaan karena dia nyetir sementara mabuk).
2. I passed that course easily since the questions were very easy. (Saya lulus mata kuliah itu dengan mudah karena soal-soalnya sangat mudah).
3. Now that the semester is finished, I am going to rest for a few days and then take a trip to Bali. (Karena sekarang semesteran sudah selesai, saya akan istrahat selama beberapa hari kemudian tamasya ke Bali).
4. As she had nothing to do, she asked me to come over to her house. (Karena dia tidak ada yang dikerjakan, dia meminta saya pergi ke rumahnya).
5. Inasmuch as the two countries’ leaders didn’t reach an agreement, the possibility of war between the two countries remains open. (Karena kedua kepala negara tidak mencapai suatu kesepakatan, kemungkinan adanya perang antara kedua negara tersebut masih tinggi).
6. The coffee is so hot that I can’t drink it. (Kopinya begitu panas, oleh karena itu, saya tidak dapat meminumnya).
7. He has such a nice body that a lot of girls are attracted to him. (Dia punya badan yang begitu bagus, oleh karena itu, banyak cewek yang tertarik padanya).

1. Although he is not tall, he is a very good volleyball player. (Walaupun dia tidak tinggi, dia seorang pemain bola volley yang sangat hebat).
2. Jenny is rich, whereas Joni is poor. (Jenny kaya sementara Joni miskin).
3. No matter how hard I tried, the math problems couldn’t be solved. (Tidak memandang betapa kerasnya saya mencoba, soal-soal matematika itu tidak dapat dipecahkan/diselesaikan).

1. During the class, we need to be quiet in order to be able to listen to what the teacher says.
2. I turned off the TV so that my roommate could study well.
3. I turned off the TV in order (that) my roommate could study well.
4. They keep practicing their English in order (that) their English improves steadily. (Mereka terus berlatih bahasa Inggris agar bahasa Inggrisnya terus meningkat).

1. If my parents were not home, I would invite my friends to come over. (jika orangtua saya tidak di rumah, saya akan undang teman-teman saya datang ke rumah).
2. I will go unless it rains. (Saya akan pergi jika tidak hujan). Note: unless = if…not. Jadi, kalimataya dapat ditulis menjadi: I will go if it doesn’t rain.
3. I don’t care no more whether or not you want to study = I don’t care no more whether you want to study or not. (Saya tidak peduli lagi apakah kamu mau belajar atau tidak).
4. I have decided to marry her. Even if my parents disagree, I am going to marry her. (Saya telah memutuskan untuk mengawininya. Walaupun jika orang tua saya tidak setuju, saya akan (tetap) mengawininya).
5. I’ll be in the library in case you want to find me. Note: in case = if
6. The general election will go to the second round only if no candidate gets 50% + 1 votes during the first round. (Pemilu akan masuk ke putaran kedua hanya jika tidak ada kandidat yang memiliki perolehan suara 50% + 1 waktu putaran pertama. Note: Jika only if diletakkan di awal kalimat, maka dilakukan inversi auxiliary/be/do,does,did) ke depan subject main clause. Kalimat ini dapat ditulis menjadi: Only if no candidate gets 50% + 1 votes will the general election go to the second round

1. Tenses. Apa yang ditanyakan harus sesuai dengan waktu kejadian/aktivitas. Sebagai contoh, there was a party at school last night. I didn’t go because I was sick. Therefore, I don’t know who came to the party, how many people came, how the party was, etc. Sekarang saya ingin tahu tentang pesta sekolah itu dengan bertanya kepada teman kelas saya: Did you go to the party? How many people came? How was the party? etc. Jadi, karena kejadian/aktivitas dinyatakan dengan past tense, maka kalimat tanya juga harus dinyatakan dalam past tense. INCORRECT jika: Do you go to the party? How many people come? How is the party? etc.
2. Untuk yes/no questions, lakukan inversi atau tempatkan auxiliary/be/kata bantu sebelum subject kalimat.
3. Untuk information questions, tempatkan kata tanya sebelum auxiliary/be/kata bantu. Tetapi, jika yang ditanyakan adalah subject kalimat, inversi auxiliary/be/kata bantu tidak diperlukan. Yang diperlukan hanyalah mengganti subject kalimat dengan kata tanya.
4. Embedded question selalu dalam bentuk affirmative (kalimat positif) atau kalimat negatif, tetapi tidak pernah dalam bentuk kalimat tanya. Kesalahan pada umumnya terjadi karena dilakukannya inversi auxiliary/be/kata bantu ke depan subject kalimat.

A. Yes/No questions

1. Positive yes/no questions.

1. Have you finished doing your homework?
2. Will you go to watch a movie with me tonight?
3. Is she pretty?
4. Does he always go to school on foot?
5. Did you visit your parents during holiday?

• INCORRECT: Does she often practices her English?
• CORRECT : Does she often practice her English? Yes, she does.

• INCORRECT: Did you loved her?
• CORRECT : Did you love her? Yes, I did.

2.. Negative yes/no questions

1. Isn’t the earth that travels around the sun? (Bukankah bumi yang mengitari matahari?). Di sini si penanya ingin memastikan bahwa bumilah yang mengitari bumi dan bukan sebaliknya.
2. Aren’t you making spaghetti? (Bukankah kamu sedang masak spaghetti?)
3. Didn’t you fail this course last semester? (Bukankah kamu tidak lulus mata kuliah ini semester lalu?).
4. Wasn’t he playing chess with you when I went to his house last night?
5. Hasn’t she seen the Ayat-Ayat Cinta? (Bukankah dia sudah nonton film Ayat-Ayat Cinta?).
6. Aren’t they going to see a movie tonight? etc.

1. Aren’t you supposed to be at school now? Misalnya, karena YOU di rumah pada saat jam sekolah.
2. Doesn’t your class start at 7 o’clock? Misalnya, sudah hampir jam 7 tapi YOU masih belum mandi/siap ke sekolah.
3. What happened? Didn’t you study? Siapa suruh tidak belajar. Gurunya jengkel tuh.

B. Question tag

• Auxiliary/be pada question tag harus sama dengan auxiliary/be pada main clause (pokok kalimat). Jika di main clause tidak ada auxiliary/be, gunakan kata bantu do, does, atau did.
• Jika main clause-nya negatif, maka question tag-nya positif. Sebaliknya, jika main clause-nya positif, maka question tag-nya negatif. Note: kadang-kadang main clause bermakna negatif walaupun tidak menggunakan NOT. Dalam hal ini, question tagnya adalah positif. (Lihat contoh: 8, 9). Misalnya,
  
  • jika subject-nya nobody, no one, nothing, etc
  • jika verb-nya dislike, disagree, etc
    
  • jika adverb-nya never, hardly, etc
  • jika adjective-nya unhappy, immobile, irregular, etc.

• Jangan rubah tensisnya. Misalnya, jika main clause dalam past tense, maka question tag juga harus dalam past tense.
• Subject dari question tag selalu dalam bentuk subject pronoun (i.e. I, she, he, it, you, they, dan we). Subject pronoun ini harus sesuai dengan subject  dari main clause yang digantikannya.
• Perhatikan perubahan subject main clause ke subject question tag berikut:

• Jika question tag-nya negatif,  ada 2 pola yang bisa digunakan, yaitu dengan mengkontraksi NOT menjadi n’t kemudian menggabungkannya dengan auxiliary/be/kata bantu di depannya.

• Khusus untuk be am, question tag-nya adalah am I not (formal) atau aren’t I (in speaking) jika negatif, atau am I jika positif. Lihat contoh: 14 & 15.
• Jika main clause menggunakan verb have/has atau need, in American English, question tag-nya mengggunakan kata bantu do/does atau did. (Lihat contoh 9 & 10).
  

1. They didn’t study last night, did they?
2. She hasn’t met the new student, has she?
3. You are not allergic to pollens, aren’t you? (Kamu tidak alergi terhadap tepung sari bunga, bukan?).
4. You will open that door for me, won’t you?
5. It’s holiday tomorrow, isn’t it?
6. There were a lot of people coming to the party last night, weren’t there?
7. No one called me, did they? (Tidak ada orang yang nelpon saya, bukan?)
8. Your friends never learn English seriously, do they? (Teman-temanmu tidak pernah belajar bahasa Inggris dengan serius, bukan?).
9. We need some extra money, don’t we?
10. She has a dimple on her left cheek, does she not? (Dia punya lesung pipi di pipi kirinya, bukan?). Perhatikan penempatan not!
11. In cartoon, Tom and Jerry always fight, do they not?
12. Apples and grapes are her favorites, are they not?
13. I am included, am I not?
14. I am not ugly, am I?
15. Everybody looks happy with our decision, doesn’t they?

C. Information questions

1. Someone cleaned the house. Who cleaned the house? INCORRECT jika: Who did clean the house?
2. Somebody has been killed. Who has been killed?
3. Jeny is smiling at her boyfriend’s photo. Who is smiling at her boyfriend’s photo?
4. John just did the homework a few minutes ago. Who just did the homework a few minutes ago? Di kalimat ini, DID bukan kata bantu, melainkan verb2 dari DO.
5. Something happened this morning. What happened this morning? INCORRECT jika: What did happen this morning?
6. The increased gas price makes people unhappy. What makes people unhappy? INCORRECT jika: What does make people unhappy?
7. Daniel’s book has been stolen. Whose book has been stolen? (Bukunya siapa telah dicuri?).
8. Rembrandt’s painting received a one-million dollars offer. Whose painting received a one-million dollars offer? (offer = tawaran harga).
9. More than two hundred people came to the party. How many people came to the party?
10. There are two cars parked in front of your house. Which one is yours? (Yang manakah mobilmu?). The red one is mine.

1. Jessica has known Andika since she was 7 years old. Whom has Jessica known since she was 7 years old? Note: Walaupun who lebih sering digunakan dalam speaking, tetapi dalam writing/ujian, gunakanlah selalu whom jika orang yang ditanyakan posisinya object kalimat.
2. My brother just bought a new computer yesterday. What did your brother just buy yesterday?
3. John is leaving for Jakarta tomorrow morning. When is John leaving for Jakarta?
4. Nining lives on jalan Sudirman. Where does she live?
5. You look so happy. Why do you look so happy?
6. How is she? (Bagaimana kabar/keadaan dia?)
7. I saw Marita’s car heading north on my way here. Whose car did you see? (Mobil siapa yang kamu lihat?). (heading north =menuju/ke arah utara)
8. Maria and Mario have been seeing each other for 5 years. How long have they been seeing each other? (Berapa lama mereka telah pacaran?).
9. I like this cell phone. How much does it cost? (Berapa harganya?). Note: Gunakan how much jika yang ditanyakan adalah uncountable noun.
10. How much money do you want to borrow from me? Jika konteksnya sudah jelas, kalimatnya  cukup dengan: How much do you want to borrow from me?
11. Budi has a lot of non-fiction books. How many non-fiction books does Budi have? Note: Gunakan how many jika yang ditanyakan adalan countable noun.
12. To keep her body slim, Jacqueline goes to the gym three times a week. How often does she go to the gym to keep her body slim?
13. What time will your plane take off? (Jam berapa pesawat kamu akan tingal landas?)
14. What kind of music do you like the most? (Musik jenis apa yang paling kamu sukai?)
15. When will you give me a chance to love you? (chance = opportunity = kesempatan)

D. Embedded Questions

1. Some students still don’t know when they should submit their assignment. INCORRECT jika: Some students still don’t know when should they submit their assignment. Incorrect karena auxilliary should diletakkan sebelum subject kalimat.
   
2. Nobody can predict when the Lapindo disaster will end. INCORRECT jika: Nobody can predict when will the Lapindo disaster end.
3. I just want to know what kind of music you like the most. INCORRECT jika: I just want to know what kind of music do you like the most.
4. Has Jessica ever told you whom she has known since she was 7 years old? INCORRECT jika: Has Jessica ever told you whom has she known since she was 7 years old?
5. Do you want to know what my brother just bought yesterday? INCORRECT jika: Do you want to know what did my brother just buy yesterday?
6. Do you know when John is leaving for Jakarta?
7. Could you tell me where I can find this address?
8. I don’t know for how long that guy has been standing there.
9. I am not sure who will be elected president?
10. Do you have any idea how tall Dany is? He is perfect for a basketball player.
11. Ms. Andini’s first son has studied at the university already but Ms. Andini still looks very young. Do you know how old she actually is?

Introduction

1. Two big spiders are hanging above the green box. (Dua laba-laba besar sedang bergantungan di atas kotak hijau itu).
2. Don’t sit on that green box. It’s very fragile.  (Jangan duduk di atas kotak hijau itu. Kotaknya sangat mudah pecah).
3. What is it in the green box? (Apakah di dalam kotak hijau itu?).
4. I don’t know. It’s probably sugar in it because there are so many ants marching to the box. (Saya tidak tahu. Mungkin gula di dalamnya. karena ada begitu banyak semut sedang berarak-arakan ke/menuju kotak tersebut).
5. Let’s have a closer look. Wow,  apparently they have gone into and out of the boxthrough that big hole. (Mari kita lihat lebih dekat. Woo, tampaknya mereka/semut-semut itu telah masuk dan keluar kotak melalui lubang besar itu).
6. Sugar is scattering on the floor out of the box. (Gula berserakan di lantai di luar kotak tersebut).
7. Let’s clean the floor, then we put another box beside the green one and the other box bythe window. (Mari kita bersihkan lantainya, kemudian kita taruh satu kotak lagi di samping kotak berwarna hijau itu dan satu kotak lainnya di dekat jendela).
8. What is it under the box? (Apakah dibawah kotak itu?)

• The project will start in March. (Proyek itu akan dimulai pada bulan Maret).
• The project will start on March, 2010. (Proyek itu akan dimulai pada bulan Maret tahun 2010).

• She lives on Jalan Sudirman. (Dia tinggal di jalan Sudirman).
• She lives at 10 Jalan Sudirman. (Dia tinggal di jalan Sudirman no. 10).